Which declarations are valid?

Question

Select the three correct answers (valid declarations).

(a) char a = '\u0061';

(b) char 'a' = 'a';

(c) char \u0061 = 'a';

(d) ch\u0061r a = 'a';

(e) ch'a'r a = 'a';

Answer: (a), (c) and (d)

Book:

A Programmer's Guide to Java SCJP Certification (Third Edition)

Can someone please explain the reason for the option (c) and (d) as the IDE (IntelliJ IDEA) is showing it in red saying:

Cannot resolve symbol 'u0063'

Answer 1

The compiler can recognise Unicode escapes and translate them to UTF-16. ch\u0061r will become char which is a valid primitive type. It makes option D correct.

3.3. Unicode Escapes

A compiler for the Java programming language ("Java compiler") first recognizes Unicode escapes in its input, translating the ASCII characters \u followed by four hexadecimal digits to the UTF-16 code unit (§3.1) for the indicated hexadecimal value, and passing all other characters unchanged.

\u0061 will be translated to a which is a valid Java letter that can be used to form an identifier. It makes option C correct.

3.8. Identifiers

An identifier is an unlimited-length sequence of Java letters and Java digits, the first of which must be a Java letter.

Identifier:
    IdentifierChars but not a Keyword or BooleanLiteral or NullLiteral
IdentifierChars:
    JavaLetter {JavaLetterOrDigit}
JavaLetter:
    any Unicode character that is a "Java letter"
JavaLetterOrDigit:
    any Unicode character that is a "Java letter-or-digit"

A "Java letter" is a character for which the method Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(int) returns true.

A "Java letter-or-digit" is a character for which the method Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(int) returns true.

The "Java letters" include uppercase and lowercase ASCII Latin letters A-Z (\u0041-\u005a), and a-z (\u0061-\u007a), and, for historical reasons, the ASCII dollar sign ($, or \u0024) and underscore (_, or \u005f). The dollar sign should be used only in mechanically generated source code or, rarely, to access pre-existing names on legacy systems. The underscore may be used in identifiers formed of two or more characters, but it cannot be used as a one-character identifier due to being a keyword.

Answer 2

\u0061 means a. You can use \u0061 instead of a, therefore:

char \u0061 = 'a';

is the same as

char a = 'a';

and

ch\u0061r a = 'a';

is the same as

char a = 'a';