Why does std::optional not have a specialization for reference types?

Question

Why std::optional (std::experimental::optional in libc++ at the moment) does not have specialization for reference types (compared with boost::optional)?

I think it would be very useful option.

Is there some object with reference to maybe already existing object semantics in the standard library?

Answer 1

When n3406 (revision #2 of the proposal) was discussed, some committee members were uncomfortable with optional references. In n3527 (revision #3), the authors decided to make optional references an auxiliary proposal, to increase the chances of getting optional values approved and put into what became C++14. While optional didn't quite make it into C++14 for various other reasons, the committee did not reject optional references and is free to add optional references in the future should someone propose it.

Answer 2

If I would hazard a guess, it would be because of this sentence in the specification of std::experimental::optional. (Section 5.2, p1)

A program that necessitates the instantiation of template optional for a reference type, or for possibly cv-qualified types in_place_t or nullopt_t is ill-formed.

Answer 3

There is indeed something that has reference to maybe existing object semantics. It is called a (const) pointer. A plain old non-owning pointer. There are three differences between references and pointers:

1. Pointers can be null, references can not. This is exactly the difference you want to circumvent with std::optional.
2. Pointers can be redirected to point to something else. Make it const, and that difference disappears as well.
3. References need not be dereferenced by -> or *. This is pure syntactic sugar and possible because of 1. And the pointer syntax (dereferencing and convertible to bool) is exactly what std::optional provides for accessing the value and testing its presence.

Update: optional is a container for values. Like other containers (vector, for example) it is not designed to contain references. If you want an optional reference, use a pointer, or if you indeed need an interface with a similar syntax to std::optional, create a small (and trivial) wrapper for pointers.

Update2: As for the question why there is no such specialization: because the committee simply did opt it out. The rationale might be found somewhere in the papers. It possibly is because they considered pointers to be sufficient.

Answer 4

IMHO it is very okay to make std::optional<T&> available. However there is a subtle issue about templates. Template parameters can become tricky to deal with if there are references.

Just as the way we solved the problem of references in template parameters, we can use a std::reference_wrapper to circumvent the absence of std::optional<T&>. So now it becomes std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<T>>. However I recommend against this use because 1) it is way too verbose to both write the signature (trailing return type saves us a bit) and the use of it (we have to call std::reference_wrapper<T>::get() to get the real reference), and 2) most programmers have already been tortured by pointers so that it is like an instinctive reaction that when they receive a pointer they test first whether it is null so it is not quite much an issue now.

Answer 5

The main problem with std::optional <T&> is — what should optRef = obj do in the following case:

optional<T&> optRef;
…;
T obj {…};
optRef = obj; // <-- here!

Variants:

1. Always rebind — (&optRef)->~optional(); new (&optRef) optional<T&>(obj).
2. Assign through — *optRef = obj (UB when !optRef before).
3. Bind if empty, assign through otherwise — if (optRef) {do1;} else {do2;}.
4. No assignment operator — compile-time error "trying to use a deleted operator".

Pros of every variant:

1. Always rebind (chosen by boost::optional and n1878):

   • Consistency between the cases when !optRef and optRef.has_value() — post-condition &*optRef == &obj is always met.
   • Consistency with usual optional<T> in the following aspect: for usual optional<T>, if T::operator= is defined to act as destroying and constructing (and some argue that it must be nothing more than optimization for destroying-and-constructing), opt = … de facto acts similarly like (&opt)->~optional(); new (&opt) optional<T&>(obj).

2. Assign through:

   • Consistency with pure T& in the following aspect: for pure T&, ref = … assigns through (not rebinds the ref).
   • Consistency with usual optional<T> in the following aspect: for usual optional<T>, when opt.has_value(), opt = … is required to assign through, not to destroy-and-construct (see template <class U> optional<T>& optional<T>::operator=(U&& v) in n3672 and on cppreference.com).
   • Consistency with usual optional<T> in the following aspect: both haveoperator= defined at least somehow.

3. Bind if empty, assign through otherwise — I see no real benefits, IMHO this variant arises only when proponents of #1 argue with proponents of #2, however formally it's even more consistent with the letter of requirements for template <class U> optional<T>& optional<T>::operator=(U&& v) (but not with the spirit, IMHO).

4. No assignment operator (chosen by n3406):

   • Consistency with pure T& in the following aspect: pure T& doesn't allow to rebind itself.
   • No ambiguous behavior.

See also:

• Let’s Talk about std::optional<T&> and optional references.
• Why Optional References Didn’t Make It In C++17.

Answer 6

I stumbled upon this several times and I finally decided to implement my solution that doesn't depend on boost. For reference types it disables assignment operator and doesn't allow for comparison of pointers or r-values. It is based on a similar work I did some time ago, and it uses nullptr instead of nullopt to signal absence of value. For this reason, the type is called nullable and compilation is disabled for pointer types (they have nullptr anyway). Please let me know if you find any obvious or any non-obvious problem with it.

#ifndef COMMON_NULLABLE_H
#define COMMON_NULLABLE_H
#pragma once

#include <cstddef>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>

namespace COMMON_NAMESPACE
{
    class bad_nullable_access : public std::runtime_error
    {
    public:
        bad_nullable_access()
            : std::runtime_error("nullable object doesn't have a value") { }
    };

    /**
     * Alternative to std::optional that supports reference (but not pointer) types
     */
    template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if_t<!std::is_pointer<T>::value>>
    class nullable final
    {
    public:
        nullable()
            : m_hasValue(false), m_value{ } { }

        nullable(T value)
            : m_hasValue(true), m_value(std::move(value)) { }

        nullable(std::nullptr_t)
            : m_hasValue(false), m_value{ } { }

        nullable(const nullable& value) = default;

        nullable& operator=(const nullable& value) = default;

        nullable& operator=(T value)
        {
            m_hasValue = true;
            m_value = std::move(value);
            return *this;
        }

        nullable& operator=(std::nullptr_t)
        {
            m_hasValue = false;
            m_value = { };
            return *this;
        }

        const T& value() const
        {
            if (!m_hasValue)
                throw bad_nullable_access();

            return m_value;
        }

        T& value()
        {
            if (!m_hasValue)
                throw bad_nullable_access();

            return m_value;
        }

        bool has_value() const { return m_hasValue; }
        const T* operator->() const { return &m_value; }
        T* operator->() { return &m_value; }
        const T& operator*() const { return m_value; }
        T& operator*() { return m_value; }

    public:
        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const T2& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const T2& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const T2& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const T2& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

    private:
        bool m_hasValue;
        T m_value;
    };

    // Template spacialization for references
    template <typename T>
    class nullable<T&> final
    {
    public:
        nullable()
            : m_hasValue(false), m_value{ } { }

        nullable(T& value)
            : m_hasValue(true), m_value(&value) { }

        nullable(std::nullptr_t)
            : m_hasValue(false), m_value{ } { }

        nullable(const nullable& value) = default;

        nullable& operator=(const nullable& value) = default;

        const T& value() const
        {
            if (!m_hasValue)
                throw bad_nullable_access();

            return *m_value;
        }

        T& value()
        {
            if (!m_hasValue)
                throw bad_nullable_access();

            return *m_value;
        }

        bool has_value() const { return m_hasValue; }
        const T* operator->() const { return m_value; }
        T* operator->() { return m_value; }
        const T& operator*() const { return *m_value; }
        T& operator*() { return *m_value; }

    public:
        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const std::decay_t<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const std::decay_t<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const std::decay_t<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const std::decay_t<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t);

        template <typename T2>
        friend bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs);

    private:
        bool m_hasValue;
        T* m_value;
    };

    template <typename T>
    using nullableref = nullable<T&>;

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return lhs.m_value == rhs.m_value;
        else
            return true;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return lhs.m_value != rhs.m_value;
        else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return lhs.m_value != *rhs.m_value;
        else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return lhs.m_value != *rhs.m_value;
        else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return *lhs.m_value == rhs.m_value;
        else
            return true;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<std::decay_t<T2>>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return *lhs.m_value != rhs.m_value;
        else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return *lhs.m_value == *rhs.m_value;
        else
            return true;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (lhs.m_hasValue != rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        if (lhs.m_hasValue)
            return *lhs.m_value != *rhs.m_value;
        else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const std::decay_t<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (!lhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        return *lhs.m_value == rhs;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2&>& lhs, const std::decay_t<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (!lhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        return *lhs.m_value != rhs;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const std::decay_t<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (!rhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        return lhs == *rhs.m_value;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const std::decay_t<T2>& lhs, const nullable<T2&>& rhs)
    {
        if (!rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        return lhs != *rhs.m_value;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const T2& rhs)
    {
        if (!lhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        return lhs.m_value == rhs;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, const T2& rhs)
    {
        if (!lhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        return lhs.m_value != rhs;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const T2& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (!rhs.m_hasValue)
            return false;

        return lhs == rhs.m_value;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const T2& lhs, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        if (!rhs.m_hasValue)
            return true;

        return lhs != rhs.m_value;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t)
    {
        return !lhs.m_hasValue;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(const nullable<T2>& lhs, std::nullptr_t)
    {
        return lhs.m_hasValue;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        return !rhs.m_hasValue;
    }

    template <typename T2>
    bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const nullable<T2>& rhs)
    {
        return rhs.m_hasValue;
    }
}

#endif // COMMON_NULLABLE_H