By reading the various versions of BOL article Restore a Database Backup (SQL Server Management Studio), I have determined that all versions of SQL Server from 2005 to 2014 can restore a 2005 backup. This can be deduced by reading the corresponding version of this sentence:
Note that if you restore a SQL Server 2005 or higher database to SQL Server 2014 ...
Is there a reference that lists this information explicitly? That is, given a version of SQL Server, I would like to see at a glance which earlier versions' backups can be restored.
Basically you can restore any backup from an older version of SQL server to a newer version. That means you can restore:
If you need the official documentation you can check the link you presented in your question http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177429(v=sql.120).aspx and just change the version (it's under the title).