Creating a product set requires associating a product_catalog_id:
POST https://graph.facebook.com/<API_VERSION>/<PRODUCT_CATALOG_ID>/product_sets
Reading an product set having the Facebook id is easy:
GET https://graph.facebook.com/<API_VERSION>/<PRODUCT_SET_ID>
Unfortunately, the response for that request contains 3 fields (id, name and filter).
How can I get the product_catalog_id associated to a product set (if I know the product_set_id)?
PS: The documentation does not help with that: https://developers.facebook.com/docs/marketing-api/dynamic-product-ads/product-catalog#productset
The catalog ID is not a field of the product set, so you therefore cannot traverse the graph in this way.
The only way to gather this associated is to read read the catalogues in a business, and their product sets to find the correct association unfortunately.