I know how to do the actual logcat filtering but I can't find the icon for it. This is a view of the Logcat demonstration that I am following.
I saw that this is the standard view for Logcat - How to filter logcat in Android Studio?.
However this is what mine looks like.
Is there any way I can get the rest of the stuff to show up - Log level, filter, etc? I am running Windows 8 64 bit operating system. These didn't help because in both cases, the user was running a Ubuntu operating system - Android Studio Logcat Filter does not show up. and Android studio: not showing filter option
Which version of Android Studio are you using, I am running on Windows 7 + AS 1.0.2 and the wordings and layout is different than yours.
In any case, in my "ADB Logs" view, I see the same thing as you:
But when I switch to "Devices | logcat" view, the filter is shown and can be used correctly:
So my suggestion would be to update Android Studio and check again.