Does the N900 allow me to display additional information in parallel to the native application or does the latter always have priority over my process?
I'm interested in displaying additional information based on caller id.
If it's possible, can you name any pitfalls or give small python code examples / or tipps to get started?
detecting incoming call might be the smallest problem you will see in this journey - you can start with this thread
now consider few other factors before you decided whether you want to continue or not:
if you are Ok with risk to spent time and bump into limitations of Maemo5 platform put on end-of-lifecycle hook -- consider learning down googleing keywords maemo5 telepathy mission-control . this is starting point not definitive guide -- you have to learn quit many different things before you start to approach plugging call progress dialogs.