Empty list returned from ElementTree findall

Question

I'm new to xml parsing and Python so bear with me. I'm using lxml to parse a wiki dump, but I just want for each page, its title and text.

For now I've got this:

from xml.etree import ElementTree as etree

def parser(file_name):
    document = etree.parse(file_name)
    titles = document.findall('.//title')
    print titles

At the moment titles isn't returning anything. I've looked at previous answers like this one: ElementTree findall() returning empty list and the lxml documentation, but most things seemed to be tailored towards parsing HTML.

This is a section of my XML:

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7/"     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7.xsd" version="0.7" xml:lang="en">
  <siteinfo>
  <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
<base>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
<generator>MediaWiki 1.20wmf9</generator>
<case>first-letter</case>
<namespaces>
  <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
  <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
  <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
  <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
  <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
  <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
  <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
  <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
  <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
  <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
  <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
  <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Portal talk</namespace>
  <namespace key="108" case="first-letter">Book</namespace>
  <namespace key="109" case="first-letter">Book talk</namespace>
</namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Aratrum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65741</id>
    <revision>
  <id>349931990</id>
  <parentid>225434394</parentid>
  <timestamp>2010-03-15T02:55:02Z</timestamp>
  <contributor>
    <ip>143.105.193.119</ip>
  </contributor>
  <comment>/* Sources */</comment>
  <sha1>2zkdnl9nsd1fbopv0fpwu2j5gdf0haw</sha1>
  <text xml:space="preserve" bytes="1436">'''Aratrum''' is the Latin word for  [[plough]], and &quot;arotron&quot; (αροτρον) is the [[Greek language|Greek]] word. The   [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] appear to have had diverse kinds of plough from the earliest  historical records. [[Hesiod]] advised the farmer to have always two ploughs, so that if  one broke the other might be ready for use. These ploughs should be of two kinds, the one  called &quot;autoguos&quot; (αυτογυος, &quot;self-limbed&quot;), in which the plough-tail  was of the same piece of timber as the share-beam and the pole; and the other called  &quot;pekton&quot; (πηκτον, &quot;fixed&quot;), because in it, three parts, which were of  three kinds of timber, were adjusted to one another, and fastened together by nails.

The ''autoguos'' plough was made from a [[sapling]] with two branches growing from its   trunk in opposite directions. In ploughing, the trunk served as the pole, one of the two     branches stood upwards and became the tail, and the other penetrated the ground and,    sometimes shod with bronze or iron, acted as the [[ploughshare]]. 

==Sources==
Based on an article from ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,'' John Murray,     London, 1875.
ἄρατρον

==External links==
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Aratrum.html Smith's     Dictionary article], with diagrams, further details, sources.
[[Category:Agricultural machinery]]
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Animal equipment]]</text>
</revision>
</page>

I've also tried iterparse and then printing the tag of the element it finds:

for e in etree.iterparse(file_name):
    print e.tag

but it complains about the e not having a tag attribute.

EDIT:

Answer 1

The problem is that you are not taking XML namespaces into account. The XML document (and all the elements in it) is in the http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7/ namespace. To make it work, you need to change

titles = document.findall('.//title')

to

titles = document.findall('.//{http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7/}title')

The namespace can also be provided via the namespaces parameter, which is a prefix:URI dictionary:

NSMAP = {'mw':'http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.7/'}
titles = document.findall('.//mw:title', namespaces=NSMAP)

See the Parsing XML with Namespaces section in the ElementTree documentation for more information.

A third option (added in Python 3.8) is to use a namespace wildcard:

titles = document.findall('.//{*}title')

---

The trouble with iterparse() is caused by the fact that this function provides (event, element) tuples (not just elements). In order to get the tag name, change

for e in etree.iterparse(file_name):
    print(e.tag)

to this:

for ev, el in etree.iterparse(file_name):
    print(el.tag)

Answer 2

First, you need to locate the parent element, page. I don't know how many layers is this nested, but once you find it, you can immmidiately obtain the title tag:

>>> page_tag = ET.fromstring(xdata)
>>> title_tag = page_tag.find('title')
>>> title_tag.text
'Aratrum'

With more information flooded in, you can do this:

def parser(file_name):
    document = etree.parse(file_name)
    titles = []
    for page_tag in document.findall('page'):
        titles.append(page_tag.find('title').text)
    return titles

Hope this helps!