I need to add a work item type and add a new state in Azure DevOps 2022. I see some articles about doing stuff like this from the UI.
I seem to be missing some functionality.
Here there should be a Fields tab according to the documentation.
I also cannot click and open up any of the processes to see or edit their work item types. I am a member of the Project Collection Administrators group. Am I missing an extension or a setting or something to be able to edit this from the UI and not from the XML?
According to your screenshot, your collection is using the XML process. According to Add a custom work item type, if your on-premises collection is configured to use the On-premises XML process model, you can only use that process model to customize the work tracking experience. If you want to add a work item type and add a new state, please customize via the XML.
If you want to customize your process from the UI, it's suggested that you create a collection using the inheritance process model.